Slavery And The South America - 896 Words

Slavery and The South The three ads about the slave runaway are seen most of them happing in the 18 and 19th in the Antebellum south and most of the ads are discussed in my paper basically coming from North Carolina. The slave runaway was considered a big issue back in that time especially for the slave owners who are relied on them to make their income and enhance their life economy. As seen on three ads and in reading different sources are pertained to slaves found that The North Carolina are relied on the slavery in terms of economy and social life style due to needing the workforce to support the cotton grown on that time (Johnson, page 2). The named slaves in the ads are Nat, tom and Bob. Based on reading many documents are observed that the black slaves running away from the south to the north sates to get there a free pass or their freedom of the slavery and that explained how much painful and hurtful the slave people had lived and faced in their slavery period of the time in serving their owner and in doing their work on that time. In the three document and ads are clearly mentioned most of the the black salve people stealing the cloth from their owners to head to the different places wherever they can get their free pass of the slavery and be not distinguished with their old or dirty cloth by wearing neat and fancy cloth are stolen in which that will not bring the eyes of the people toward them as escaped. The writers of the three ads are shown in written documentShow MoreRelatedSlavery Issues Of Slavery Between North And South848 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Issues The issues of slavery between North and South was indirectly the cause of the beginning of civil war. Since the North changed their minds about the black population, they had a difficult time with the South, with they believe that Africans had to serve white people. So the problem between the North and South wasn’t something new, it was happening since the government was trying to prevent spread out of the slavery across America, as a result, South started to create, manipulate, andRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States956 Words   |  4 PagesThe civil war in the United States of America took place between April 12th 1869 and May 9th 1865. Those are worth a lot of reasons that the North went to war with the south the main reason was slavery. Where the North wanted to either get rid of slavery altogether or stop slavery from spreading to the new states coming into America the South wanted to expand slavery. Slavery has been around since the beginning of time, since back in the old Bible days. America was just one of the last remaining nationsRead MoreHalf Slave And Half Free Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesarose during the Antebellum Era in America that fueled the eruption of the Civil War. According to Levine, tension arose due to conflicting interests in the depths of the free-labor based economy of the North and the slave-labor based economy of the South which boiled up to a point that led the newly formed nation to a civil war. Levine starts off by giving a brief history of slavery and shifts to discussing the way in which it revolutionized the economy of America, and the role that it conveyed inRead MoreThe Abolishment of Slavery Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesAbolishment of Slavery Slavery was caused by economic factors of the English settlers in the late 17th century. Colonists continually tried to allure laborers to the colony. The head right system was to give the indentured servant, a method of becoming independent after a number of years of service. Slavery was caused by economic reasons. Colonists chiefly relied on Indentured Servitude, in order to facilitate their need for labor. The decreasing population combined with a need for a labor forceRead More History of The American Civil War Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesWar The Civil War was a brutal war between the North and South of America over the issue of slavery, which was spurred on by the secession of the southern states from the Union of a America. At the time slavery was one of the main issues in America that caused a disagreement between the north and south and these disagreements about humanity and slaves added to the tension that would finally lead to the out break of war. Slavery was almost totally abolished in the northern states after 1787Read MoreThe Expansion Of The New Nation1477 Words   |  6 Pages In the later half of nineteenth century America, the new nation’s original ability to resolve conflict through means of peaceful compromise had vanished. Various spans of conflict such as Westward Expansion, the Market Revolution, Sectionalism, Mexican American War, the succession of the southern states and ultimately the failure of the Compromise of 1850 that made compromise between the North and the South unattainable. It was the uncompromising differences amongst the free and slave states overRead MoreCivil War the Great Divide814 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Divide The issue of slavery was discussed in many ways. People talked about the morality of the institution (or lack thereof), the economics of slavery, and the political issues that came about because of it. No matter how it was discussed, the North and South could not agree. Northerners thought Southerners were corrupting the soul of America, and Southerners thought Northerners were hypocrites. No matter which way they looked at slavery, the North and South had two antithetical views thatRead MoreThe Cornerstone Speech And The Thomas Nast s Cartoon863 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Nast’s cartoon The American Civil War erupted in 1861 due to the constitutional and ideological differences between the Northern and the Southern states. The North advocated for equality and protection of human rights. On the other hand, the South considered the white to be more equal than the blacks. There are two historical documents that bring out the picture of the United States during the 1860s. The documents are the cornerstone speech by Alexander H. Stephens and the editorial cartoonRead MoreEssay on Slavery In American History1430 Words   |  6 Pagesthe drive to abolish slavery. ¡Ã‚ ± Abolition Movement was not only meaningful to itself, that is, slavery was abolished and black slaves were freed, but also meaningful to the whole nation, because it exerted much influences on American society and economy. In this paper, I will firstly present a brief introduction about slaves in North American. Secondly, I ¡Ã‚ ¯d like to unfold a systematic picture of Abolition Movement. Finally, I will summarize this movement ¡Ã‚ ¯s influences on America from two aspects,Read MoreIssues Dividing America Conveyed in Speeches The Clay Compromise Measures, On the Clay Compromise and The Higher Law Speech1014 Words   |  5 PagesEver since the origin of America, the country had several issues that were in need of immediate attention. The Clay Compromise Measures, On the Clay Compromise, and The Higher Law Speech, each demonstrate, through the speakers, that America was not always a free and just nation, granted that it was founded to be a Christian nation. The two foremost proble ms were the issue of slavery, and also the inequality in the relationship between North and South. Due to the predicaments, the two distinct parts

Resurrection Of Jesus Christ Essay Example For Students

Resurrection Of Jesus Christ Essay Resurrection ofJesus ChristThe Resurrection ofJesus ChristNo other event in history has been the object of as much scrutiny andcriticism as the resurrection of Jesus Christ.The resurrection of Christ isthe basis upon which all Christianity stands.If the resurrection neverhappened, then there would be no Christianity, as the Apostle Paul says in 1Corinthians 15:14, And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is uselessand so is your faith.This is why opponents of the Christian faith have triedto attempt to discredit the Biblical account of the resurrection.Of the manytheories of the resurrection, the Biblical account is the only historicallyreliable and possible explanation of the resurrection. The historical reliability of the Bible is the first matter that needsto be discussed.There are three criteria that the military historian C. Sanders lists as principles for documentary historical proof: thebibliographical test, internal evidence test, and the external evidence test(McDowell 43).The bibliographical test is the examination of text by thedocuments that have reached us.The reliability of the copies of the NewTestament is tested by the number of manuscripts (MSS) and the time intervalsbetween the time in which the piece of literature was written and our earliestcopy.There are more than 5,300 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament and10,000 Latin vulgate manuscripts, not to mention the other various translations. Totally there are around 24,000 total MSS for the New Testament.The nextclosest document in respect to MSS is the Illiad by Homer, with 643manuscripts(McDowell 43). The textual reliability then continues with respect to the time intervalbetween the original and the first known manuscript.The shorter the interval,the more reliable the text is.Homers Illiad was written in 900 BC and theearliest copy was found in 400 BC.This is compared to the New Testament thatwas written from40-100 AD.The first known manuscript of the New Testamentwas found in 125 AD.This twenty-five year gap is very impressive as comparedto the Illiads five hundred year span (McDowell 45). This first test hasbasically shown that the text which people have in their possession isessentially the original text. The second test is the internal evidence test.The internal evidencetest proves whether or not what was recorded is credible and to what extent.Dr. Louis Gottschalk, former professor of history at the University of Chicago,states the ability of the writer to tell the truth is helpful in determiningcredibility.The ability to tell the truth is related in two ways.They arethe witnesss nearness chronologically and geographically (McDowell 51-52).TheNew Testament accounts were written by men who were eyewitnessesor related thestory from eyewitness accounts.Chronologically speaking, the Gospels were allwritten while people, other than Christians, who had been eyewitnesses to thelife of Christ were still alive. For the most part the non-Christianeyewitnesses were opponents of the faith.The resulting effect ofthis wouldbe the necessity for the disciples to relate the life of Christ accurately dueto the fact that any inaccuracies would have allowed opponents to discreditChristianity right from the beginning (McDowell 52-53). The third test to prove historical reliability is that of exteriorevidence. Gottschalk defines external evidence as conformity or agreement withother known historical or scientific facts(McDowell 54).Other writers area great source of exterior evidence.The writings of historian Eusebius, andIraneous, Bishop of Lyons, have confirmed the writings of the Apostle John. These men did their historical writing between 130 and 180 AD.They researchedscrolls from the time of Christ.Archaeology alsoprovides exterior evidence. Archaeologist Joseph Free states, Archaeology has confirmed countless passageswhich have been rejected by critics as unhistorical and contradictory to knownfacts (McDowell 54).A wonderful example of this is found in Pauls letter tothe Romans.In this letter he makes reference to the city treasurer, Erastus. A pavement fracture was found during the excavations of Corinth, in 1929, on itwas inscribed the words: ERASTVS PRO:AED:P:STRAVIT (Erastus, curator ofpublicbuildings, la id this pavement at his own expense.)(McDowell 110) Archaeologist F.F. Bruce states that this man and t..he man Paul refers to are onein the same (McDowell 110).These three tests when applied to the Bible show itas the most historically reliable text known to man, thus the events found uponthe pages of the Bible are actual historically proven events. .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .postImageUrl , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:hover , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:visited , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:active { border:0!important; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:active , .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016 .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05e3873320490b9b36101a9679078016:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parenting EssayIn light of these facts there are still many theories other than that ofthe Biblical account.Three of them include the Visionary theory, the thefttheory, and the wrong tomb theory. The first theory is that of Strauss, that theappearances of Jesus after His death on the cross were visions generated by theimaginations of the disciples (Ramsey 48).This may be the easiest of all thetheories to discredit. First of all it does not take into account the inabilityof the disciples to grasp this idea that Christ was alive and to recognize Himfor who He was (Ramsey 48).There were many doubters even among those whowalked with Jesus for His three years of ministry. The b est known is the storyof Thomas, who didnt believe until he had touched the wounds on Christs hands(Jn 20:25). There is also the fact that Christ revealed Himself to a group ofpeople equaling 500 (1 Cor. 15:6), it would be ludicrous to assume that all ofthem had seen the same hallucination. The next major theory is one developed by B.H. Streeter, who states thatthe tomb was definitely empty, however the resurrection was not the cause, buttheft (Ramsey 50).Streeter thinks that the disciples had stolen the body toprove the supernatural claims of Jesus (Wells 206).This theory is also easilyreputed due to two major facts: the Roman Guard and the boulder.First foranyone to steal the body of Christ the thieves would have to get by the RomanGuard Unit.According to Josh McDowell, a magna cum laude of Talbot TheologicalSeminary, the Roman Guard of that day is considered one of the greatest fightingforces of all time. A unit consisting of sixteen, eight at a time would guardthe tomb, and every four hours they would be relieved. The Guards were ladenwith the best armor and weapons of the time. Their only punishment was death,these men did not fail assignments (McDowell 227-229).According to Streeterthis unit must have fallen asleep, which if caught,would result in death. Nextis th e boulder, it weighed between one and a half to two tons (McDowell 226). The moving of this boulder would have been a very difficult thing to do withoutwaking up the Roman Guard. The third theory is that of Dr. Kirsop Lake who states that the womenwho had first seen the empty tomb had gone to the wrong tomb (Ramsey 51).Thistheory lacks plain common sense and does not take into account the broken Romanseal. First these women had followed the tomb owner and the Roman Guard to thetomb, to see where Jesus was buried (Lk. 23:55). For these women to have gone tothe wrong tomb on that first Easter Sunday then the owner of the tomb, and theRoman Guard would have all gone to the wrong tomb.The broken Roman seal ishowever the icing on the cake. This seal was equivalent to that ofpolice linestoday. The Roman seal was placed on the tomb after being inspected by a guard. The seal was a cord that stretched across the boulder that was placed at thetomb entrance, and was sealed at either end with clay. Finally the clay wasstamped with the official mark of the Roman governor (McDowell 230).The sealwas used to show authenticity, to prove that Jesus was inside the tomb (McDowell230). If the women had gone to the wrong tomb there would have been no brokenseal, because it was not common for dead bodies to be protected by the Romangovernment. The Biblical account of Christs resurrection is the only historicallypossible version of the resurrection.The other theories that have beenintroduced all have large holes in them. Many do not take into account all ofthe facts of the resurrection, because they do not view the Bible as thehistorically reliable piece of literature that it is. When one takes intoaccount the reliability of the Bible, and the many facts of the resurrection itis impossible to conclude any other theory than that of the Bible.Christ diedon the cross for mans sins.On the third day He rose from the grave, provingall He had preached and taught. The fact of the matter is this: all theopponents of Christians at the time of Christs resurrection had to do was findthe body and march through the city square. They werent able to, because itwasnt there, He has arisen, and thats a fact!

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Jazz Poetry

Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His father was James Nathaniel and his mother was Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes. His grandfather was Charles Langston, an Ohio abolitionist. As a young boy he lived in Buffalo, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, Lawrence, Kansas, Mexico City, Topeka, Kansas, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Kansas City, Kansas. In 1914 his parents divorced and he, his mother, and his stepfather moved to Lincoln, Illinois. In high school back in Cleveland, he was elected class poet, and editor of the senior class yearbook. He taught English to some families in Mexico in 1921 and also published his first prose piece, "Mexican Games"(Davis). In an excerpt from an article about Langston Hughes in Encarta 97, it says that he was discovered in 1925, while he was working as a busboy in a restaurant in Washington, D.C., when he accidentally left three of his poems next to the plate of Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. She helped him ge! t publicity for his works and she got him seriously started in writing(Encarta). In an article about Langston Hughes in The Reference Library of Black America it talks about all the places in the world that Hughes has traveled. He probably used much of the information of the cultures of other countries to write. Hughes traveled all over the world as a seaman. He went to the Soviet Union, Haiti, Japan, Spain, Genoa, France, and other parts of Europe. Hughes was an author, anthologist, librettist, songwriter, columnist, translator, founder of theaters, and a poetical innovator in jazz technology. Hughes liked to write in many genres such as prose, comedy, drama, fiction, biographies, autobiographies, and TV and radio scripts. Langston Hughes was the father of the Harlem Renaissance and made many contributions on the behalf of African- Americans which led to the end of discrimination and segregation(Davis). Hughes was an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance because he was one of the most talented and famous black writers in his time. The Harlem Renaissance was the black movement during the 1920's. Many African-Americans got famous during this time and more people in the United States and the world got to see another side of African- Americans which had never been seen before. People saw that blacks could do things the same or better than white people and many, but certainly not all, barriers like segregation were decreased noticeably. He wrote numerous protest poems in which he used irony to get his points across to the reader. Hughes was influenced by Jean Toomer, another black writer and poet. It seemed as though Hughes used his poetry as a way to combat against the ongoing struggle that African- Americans still face today. Many believe that his best poems were inspired by the city of Harlem. He was even called the "Poet-Laureate of Harlem" because of his unders! tanding for the city. Hughes best volume of Harlem works is Montage of a Dream Deferred. Hughes was the author who during the Harlem Renaissance used much of the Black culture in his work. He began to use the Blues, Ballad form, dance rhythms, folk speech, and Jazz in his poetry. Hughes had success in many different fields of writing. His best drama, "Mulatto," a play, was performed on Broadway 373 times in 1935. In his best comedy, "Little Ham"(1935), again he uses themes from Harlem. Hughes's best fiction is in his "Simple" series. In his lifetime, Langston Hughes won several awards. In 1925 he won his first prize for poetry in the Opportunity contest and third prize for essay in the Crisis contest. In 1926 he published his first volume of poems, The Weary Blues. In 1953 he won the Anisfeld-Wolfe Award. Hughes also won the Witter Bynner Prize for undergraduate poetry while attending Lincoln University. Even West Indian poets, such as Leopold Senghor, saw Hughes as the father of the Negritude Movement(Davis). One of Hughes's works mentioned in the book, The Langston Hughes Reader, is entitled, My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience. This short story of his is a true story of his childhood. It shows all the themes he is fighting for and the things he is fighting against. What happens is that Hughes and a white friend of his go into a restaurant. His friend gets his food, but when he gets his, the white clerk charges him six times what the food is worth. He argued with the clerk and finally

F for Fake Essays

F for Fake Essays F for Fake Essay F for Fake Essay Essay Topic: F for Fake F for Fake:Fakery or Trickery â€Å"Cinema is the most beautiful fraud in the world. †-jean luc godard ABOUT THE FILM F for Fake is a film which portrays chicanery, deception, misdirection, scoundrels, sleight of hand, con artistry, dishonesty, and flimflammery in all its myriad guises. Its not hard to see the film as one elaborate magic trick, a dizzy feature-length lark that delights in confusing the audiences at regular intervals. A singular combination of documentary, essay, narrative and cinematic vaudeville on Hory, real-life Horys biographer and notorious fellow faker Clifford Irving, Howard Hughes, Pablo Picasso, and the complicated relationship between creativity and larceny, art and theft. In a time when everybody seems to be playing his/her own favorite con game, it certainly Orson Welles who keeps engaging the audiences with his own tricks. The story format is like boxes within boxes until be get the surprise in the last box that is the resolution act,and as per an article from NEW YORK TIMES by Vincent Canby (September 28,1975) (1), Orson Welles cleverly uses some documentary footage shot by Francois Reichenbach of the two con men chatting and cavorting on the island of Ibiza. The rotund writers Oja Kodar and Orson welles add a lecture on the cathedral of Chartres, then weave a tale about a Yugoslav girl and her joke on Picasso. In the film there are moments where orson wells himself speaks about his own fakery about his past works and plays trick with the audiences and keeps them completely unnoticed with this facts. (2)   Welles and Kodar structure F for Fake as an extended monologue, a point-counterpoint speculation on how and why de Hory and Irving pulled off their respective fakes, so much so that they built success and fame out of their practice. The tone is clever and light, the editing at once whimsical and complex as Marie-Sophie Dubus and Dominique Engerer (editors)'(3) cross-cut between the original footage and archival documentary footage of de Hory and Irving. That interplay makes F for Fake a surprisingly dynamic, constantly engaging experimental documentary, a personal essay that gives the viewer the feeling that he’s in Welles’s own experiences about the incidents related to the characters of the story. Structurally Welles isnt a disembodied voice in the film: He physically comments from a variety of locations and inserts himself into the story, almost like he was there when the footage was shot. Welles is seen, for example, from the editing room (creating a film within a film which can be seen over his shoulder on the editing table), walking in a forest shrouded in a cape and hat, and, inexplicably, eating at a restaurant with friends, where his narration strangely turns into a discussion with them about de Hory. End notes- (1)www. nytimes. com (2)joseph mcbride (3) www. wikipedia. com

Practical Dementia Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Practical Dementia Care - Research Paper Example The researcher states that considering patient’s physique and cerebral impairment, the following NANDA nursing diagnoses were formulated: 1. Nutritional insufficiency related to cognitive impairment (dementia) as demonstrated by weight of 45 kilograms, poor consumption of food and drinks, and emaciated appearance. 2. Impaired physical mobility related to cognitive impairment as demonstrated by unsteady gait. 3. Alteration of protective mechanisms related to malnutrition as evidenced by paper thin skin and recurrence of urinary tract infection. 4. Risk of infection in urinary tract related to poor hygiene as demonstrated by very red and sore genitalia and history of urinary tract infections. 5. Risk of injury to skin related to malnutrition as demonstrated by emaciated appearance and paper-thin skin. 6. Risk of accident related to cognitive impairment (dementia) as evidenced by unsteady gait. Other nursing diagnoses that may be derived related to dementia are: (1) Impaired Verb al Communication related to cerebral impairment as demonstrated by altered memory, judgment, and word finding; (2) Bathing or Hygiene Self-Care Deficit related to cognitive impairment as demonstrated by inability to complete ADLs; and (3) Impaired Social Interaction related to cognitive impairment. Justification This study cited several identified nursing diagnosis, both actual and risk problems, taking into higher priority the actual problems related to nutrition and safety. Nutritional insufficiency related to cognitive impairment (dementia) is on the top of the list as it is under the basic physiologic needs of human. According to Maslow, the basic physiologic needs related to survival must be met first. This includes oxygen, water, food, sleep, shelter. Therefore, as Mrs. Archer fails to eat and drink adequately, she is depriving herself on the fulfilment of.   The author of the essay "Clinical reasoning case study" begins with the description of the case study and short overv iew of the ddementia "In the given situation, several problems regarding Mrs. Archer’s health status arise. The height was not mentioned to have a clearer view on the patient’s body mass index but the photo shows a dishevelled thin woman with sunken eyelids who appears weak and cold. It was stated that she is currently suffering from early stage of dementia manifesting her inability to perform basic activities of daily living such as eating and maintaining personal hygiene". The author discusses justification and sets the goals of the treatment. In the end he evaluates outcomes and gives his recommendations and prognosis. By the end of the six weeks nursing care, Mrs. Archer will be able to demonstrate progressive weight gain or stable body weight. Evaluation criteria will include some if not all of the following: 1. Complete six weeks weight monitoring record showing progress on patient’s weight heavier than 45 kilograms. 2. Creation of a meal plan according to patient’s preference and in congruence with her energy expenditure and metabolic rate.

Why is global distribution more difficult than domestic distribution Essay

Why is global distribution more difficult than domestic distribution - Essay Example Distribution is one of the main parts of marketing. There are actually many kinds of distribution channels. This could include wholesalers, retailers, agents, direct sales, and the overseas and Internet distributors. When products are manufactured, they are normally shipped to the distributor. The distributor then puts them in the market in some ways for the customers or retailers to buy. According to Philip Kotler, another distinguished professor of International Marketing said that the distribution channels can have several levels (www.wikipedia.org). He stated that the simplest level, otherwise known as the "zero-level" channel, has no intermediaries engaged. The next level, called the "one-level" channel, presents one intermediary such as; for manufacturing goods a distributor and in consumer goods a retailer. It would be practical if these two levels are applied in small markets. However, in larger markets, the "second-level" is more appropriate to use. A wholesaler, for instance is largely used to expand the distribution to the great number of a few, neighborhood retailers. Global distribution is a type of distribution wherein products manufactured by a company are delivered to all the markets worldwide. Although there are some difficulties with which how products are distributed, the good thing is that a manufacturer has a bigger chance of getting more income. With global distribution, one must make sure of so many things such as what to use as mode of transportation, how to distribute them properly to all the distributors from around the world, what are the ways of communicating with the distributors, and how to make sure that the products are best kept safe until they are bought by customers. When a company decides to do a global distribution, its main priority is to successfully deliver its products to the consumers so that they win the confidence of their customers and even gain more prospective buyers in the process. If by no means, this becomes a success, the company would surely gain more profit thus, it shall also be good news to its customers. Not only are the customers going to get high-quality products, they may also be able to buy these products at lower prices in the future. What is domestic distribution While global distribution is concerned with the distribution of products in most parts of the world, domestic distribution is only concerned with the distribution of products within a certain range. For instance, if a company is based in one country, then with domestic distribution, the products are only distributed in that country. Moreover, if there are companies in some parts of the world, then those countries where these companies are located are only the ones being distributed by the products. One might say that this is a selfish thing to do, however, with domestic distribution, manufacturers are ensured immediately that their products are transported successfully and quickly. There are many reasons why most companies are into domestic distribution. For one thing, it requires fewer expenses. Another thing is that manufacturers can immediately know how their products are doing on the specific places they have distributed their products. Communication is very important when it co mes to business. if one's distributors are fewer

Marketing Strategies for Luxury Brands Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategies for Luxury Brands Essay New products are continuously launched into the luxury perfume market each year. DKNY’s recent addition to the perfume market is DKNY Pure. As a competitor intending to introduce a similar product into the luxury fashion brand perfume market, consumer behaviour has important implications for the design of a successful marketing strategy. This paper will outline which key factors marketers should attempt to influence in the design of a marketing strategy to introduce a new luxury brand perfume to the market. Through the use of product positioning, identifying buying groups and the target market, extensive advertising and operant conditioning marketers can manipulate the consumer decision-making process together with internal and external influences leading to consumer purchase behaviour. From a marketing perspective luxury fashion brands are defined in by features such as exclusivity, premium prices, excellent quality, distinctiveness, image, status and other aspirational characteristics (Fionda Moore, 2009). For many consumers the purchase of luxury fashion brand perfume is a high-involvement and emotional decision (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). These purchases involve the use of extended decision-making with an extensive search of internal and external information and a considerable evaluation of alternative products available (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). An extensive advertising campaign should be used the major marketing strategy for the introduction of a new product in the luxury perfume market as it can be used to manipulate and influence consumer behaviour in a number of ways. Influencing the consumer decision-making process In order to influence the consumer decision-making process advertising can be used as external stimuli in order to trigger the first stage of the consumer decision making process; problem or need recognition. Advertising can influence consumer behaviour by affecting the consumer’s desired state or their existing state (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011), prompting the identification of perceived need or desire for a product. Strategic marketing campaigns such as preannouncements (for example through media releases or samples) can be used to influence consumer anticipation, attention and desire or perceived need prior to the launch of a new product such as a luxury perfume (Schatzel Calantone, 2006). By understanding the motives which direct consumers to purchase products and the needs they are seeking to satisfy marketers can target their advertising more effectively (Kotler et al, 2007). For luxury brand perfume advertising can be used to highlight the emotional need of the consumer focussing on their â€Å"esteem needs† as described by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Kotler et al, 2007; Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). Emotional self-esteem needs can be effectively used in advertising luxury brand perfume to women by including messages and visuals which suggest sophistication, elegance, love and confidence. Feeling and emotion significantly shapes consumer intentions for perfume with consumers visualising, imagining, estimating and assessing the perceived feelings gained from purchasing and using the product (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Perception Marketing efforts should focus on building customers perception of both the brand and the product. Perception is a significant internal factor in a consumers’ purchase decision for luxury brand perfume. The perception process involves processing information from exposure, attention and interpretation with meanings recorded as memory (Kotler et al 2007). Consumer perceptions can be manipulated through product positioning; in this case introducing a new perfume’s under the familiar luxury brand image will position it in the high-end perfume market creating a perception that it is a similar high-end product. Identifying the desired product position allows marketers to design strategies to develop the appropriate product image for that particular target market (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). Perfumes are products that are comprised of both tangible and intangible characteristics designed to satisfy consumers. Perceptions of quality can be influenced by the tangible (intrinsic) characteristics of the product; for perfume this is the bottle and the package. Through the application of beautiful and clever product design and packaging marketers can manipulate consumer perception of the perfume and its image (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Intangible (extrinsic) characteristics such as price, store image or brand image also serve to influence the consumer’s perception of quality (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). Setting higher prices for the perfume consistent with the product position and target market (Fionda Moore, 2009) and stocking the perfume in high-end department stores are strategies that can be employed to infer quality and influence consumer perceptions of status. Brand image and brand awareness Brand leveraging strategies can be employed to capitalise on the brand equity of a familiar luxury brand by giving the brand name to a new product (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). By introducing a new perfume using an established luxury fashion brand (either as a product or line extension) marketers can increase consumer recognition and acceptance of new products (Wu Lo, 2009) as well as making the most of the perceived intangible benefits associated with a positive brand image. A consumer’s positive perception of brand image of familiar luxury fashion brands has a significant effect on increasing purchase intentions of the products produced by those brands. The creation and usage of a strong brand image can be used by marketers to reduce uncertainty around product evaluation (or perceived purchase risk) whilst also increasing confidence in product quality (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Consumers view brand as an important part of a product which adds perceived value to the product (Wu Lo, 2009; Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Launching a perfume under an existing familiar brand with a positive brand image can generate competitive advantage by increasing consumer’s interest and attention and resulting positive evaluation of a product (Fionda Moore, 2009). Further, consumers are likely to give greater attention to a familiar brand and to engage more effort in processing information about a product with a familiar brand name (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Brand personality celebrity endorsement Brand personality is a key factor in brand identity and is highly influential in the consumer decision making process as it relates to the desire to satisfy needs of self-esteem and belonging (Rajagopal, 2006). Consumers are motivated to purchase products from brands that reflect their own personality or that portrays personalities to which they aspire (Sirgy, 1982; Guthrie Kim, 2009; Spry, Pappu Cornwell, 2011). Celebrity endorsement is considered an effective strategy by marketers as a highly visible means of brand personality creation ((Rajagopal, 2006; Spry, Pappu Cornwell, 2011). Endorsement by celebrities influences consumer behaviour through attracting increased attention, generating greater brand recall and recognition (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011; Spry, Pappu Cornwell, 2011). Dean (1999, as cited in Spry, Pappu Cornwell, 2011) further posits that celebrity endorsement can also influence a consumer’s perceptions of product quality and distinctiveness. The effectiveness of using a celebrity to endorse a product will be enhanced if there is congruence between the celebrity’s image, the product (and brand) personality and the self-concept of the target market (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). Market research should be conducted to determine perceptions of chosen celebrities to ensure they are credible and have attributes that coincide with the target market’s needs and desires (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011; Spry, Pappu Cornwell, 2011). For the luxury brand perfume market such attributes should be based on attractiveness and image. Learning operant conditioning Consumers learn about products through the knowledge and experience gained from purchase and consumption (Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). By understanding how consumers learn about products marketers can include information to assist and influence the consumer decision-making process. Operant conditioning is highly effective marketing strategy used to influence consumer behaviour particularly in high involvement purchases such as perfume (Peter Nord, 1982; Quester, Pettigrew Hawkins, 2011). Operant conditioning can shape positive reinforcement for consumer purchase intention (Amor Guilbert, 2009). By trialling, using tester bottles and sample spray cards the product consumers are able to experience the perfume determine if they like the scent and if it smells good on their skin. Amor Guilbert (2009) suggest that consumers are more likely to respond to new perfume samples than established ones. Marketers can provide free samples during related purchases to encourage product trial (Amor Guilbert, 2009) which assists in capturing consumer attention and increasing product familiarity (Sadeghi Tabrizi, 2011). Placing samples in high-end fashion magazines will also assist with familiarity as well as perception of quality. Using free samples as promotional tools may also assist marketers in developing a positive attitude toward the sampled perfume product as well as toward to the brand (Amor Guilbert, 2009). External influences A consumer’s purchasing behaviour is also influenced by social factors. By identifying the roles in the buying process marketers can incorporate this information in the product design and advertising message decisions (Kotler et al 2007). For women’s perfume the same person might play several roles in the purchasing decision. The purchaser will often be the initiator of the purchase, the decider who ultimately makes the purchasing decision and the user or wearer of the perfume (Kotler et al). Products such as perfume that are complementary to self-image are occasionally purchased by consumers as gifts for themselves. Marketers can target the fulfilment of self-gifting motivations by interspersing perfumes with other products such as cosmetics so that sales-staff might promote combining purchases (Mick, Demoss Faber, 1992). Males may also be purchasers of women’s perfume as gifts. Identifying this group in the buying process will enable targeted marketing through the development of gift packs around peak gift periods such as Christmas, and Valentines Day. As shown in the above discussion through the use of extensive advertising campaigns marketers can influence consumer purchase intention through stimulating emotional need or desire for the new perfume product as well as creating attention and awareness. Identifying and establishing the product position and the roles in the buying process will enable marketers to design and direct advertising at the desired target segments. The use of an established luxury brand to launch the product can influence consumer’s perceptions of quality and status of the brand and by association the perfume. Whilst credible celebrities can be used in advertising campaigns to create or support brand personality influencing attention, increasing brand recognition and product recall as well as further addressing consumer’s desire for fulfilment of self-concept needs. Finally operant conditioning through the provision on free samples and testers will be used to shape consumer learning about the new product by positive reinforcement, as well as capturing consumer attention and further increasing brand awareness. By understanding the relevant influences of consumer behaviour to the new product marketers can incorporate this theory in order to manipulate the buying intentions and purchase behaviours of consumers and create a successful marketing campaign.